· For example, a meta-analysis narrowly focused on a single type of intervention where the studies’ participants are highly similar might be a case for using a fixed-effect model. In general, the systematic reviews with meta-analyses published in RER tend to focus on broader questions where we expect variation across studies. Random-effects models in meta-analysis are used when eligible thesis (Normand,). Meta analysis is essentially systematic review; however, in addition to narrative summary that is conducted in systematic review, in meta analysis, the analysts also numerically pool the results of the studies and arrive at a summary estimate. In this paper, we discuss the key steps of conducting a meta analysis · A classic example of meta-analysis which proves its great importance is the publication of Meir J. Stampfer and co-authors in The New England Journal of Medicine in In their review, eight studies of the intravenous introduction of streptokinase in case of myocardial infarction were examined
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To browse Academia. edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Skip to main content. edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Log In Sign Up. Download Free DOC. Download Free PDF. Sample Meta-analysis Paper, meta analysis research paper example. Marlowe Ingles.
Charo Mae B. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. READ PAPER. Marlowe B. Ingles Charo Mae B. lampad Don Bosco Technical Institute — Makati City META-ANALYSIS: Resource Perspectives of Code-Switching in Language Classrooms Every language classroom involves two or more languages on the part meta analysis research paper example both the learners and the teacher; hence, the use of the native language alongside with the learning of the target language seems to be always probable.
This simultaneous use of two or more languages in certain utterances is termed code-switching. Numan and Carter defined code- switching as a phenomenon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse.
This phenomenon has been observed true in meta analysis research paper example bilingual classrooms like those in the Philippines. He even exclaimed that there has been much debate on the medium of instructions to be used in the Philippines and it includes the issue on code-switching. Waydeon the other hand, emphasized the argument of Moyer and Zentella that code-switching is not a result of language deficiency.
InSert, in his study, claimed that both teachers and students employ code- switching in their language class rooms, meta analysis research paper example. He also claimed that many educators not favour it; thus, one should have at least an understanding of its functions.
Dahlalso added that code-switching functions as a conversational activity in which speakers negotiate meaning with each other. MooreOlmoCastilo, stated that code- switching functions by highlighting different stages in the unfolding of meaning for the bilingual learner.
In contrary to the mentioned useful functions of code-switching, Gulzar explained that advocates of the use of the target language argue that being open to the use of code-switching in language class rooms may be considered risky.
In addition, Lanto considered code-switching as a phenomenon of spoken language that parents, teachers and other authority figures discouraged. However, Gulzar suggested that the use of CS maybe continued but there must have boundaries to preserve classroom related discourse. Selection of Studies The researchers use the electronic data bases availed by DLSU Library in the process of selecting the studies. The studies were composed of 24 journal articles and 3 theses. Articles coming from various reputable journals such as International Journal of Bilingualism, Journal of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education and Journal of Pragmatics, English Language Teaching Journal, RELC Journal, Lingusitics and Education, Bilingual Research Journal and TESOL Quarterly, and theses from De La Salle University, University of the Philippines and York University in Toronto, the studies were screened based on the relevance they have in code-switching.
The articles were categorized based on their perspectives of code-switching. Appraisal of Research Methods It has been observed that the perspective of code-switching by various studies conducted depend on the methodologies employed. Code-switching has been analysed and treated as a language phenomenon that apparently affects the native and second language learning and socializingof different speakers.
Appraisal of Results Frequency of Perspectives of Code-Switching Perspective Total Learning Resource 17 Language Incompetence 7 Neutral 3 As shown in the figure above, most studies considered code-switching as a learning resource more than language incompetence, meta analysis research paper example. All the mentioned studies favoured code-switching in a way for they were able to establish points that reveal how useful code-switching could be, particularly in learning a language.
Moreover, three studies were noticed to offer neutral views about code-switching by presenting all the possible benefits and loop holes of using code-switching.
Most of the researches which considered code-switching as a learning resource are sociolinguistic in context and takes code-switching as an aid for a bilingual speaker to cope in maintaining communication.
Meanwhile, although fewer in number, those viewing code- switching as language incompetence, are observed to be class room based and academic in nature. The least in number but in the middle of the two perspectives are studies claiming that allowing code-switching to motivate learning Palmer, could both cater social and academic encounters of a language user. Implications to Language Teaching and Recommendations Code-switching in Philippine language class rooms is typically observed not only in academic, but in most social context as well.
Considering the value system of most Filipinos, Education and academic encounters appear to be given a higher importance more than that of social encounters. If not given enough orientations and proper training, some language teachers might still take code-switching as incompetence more than a sign of learning.
Enabling teachers to be abreast with current studies and promoting awareness among them would mean equipping their clients as well with quality learning. The researchers also recommend language teachers to be open in employing authentic situations in teaching language; thus, they will be able to expose learners in using the target language meta analysis research paper example only during class room situations or academic encounters, but most importantly during social interactions.
They must also learn to equip themselves with enough understanding of various language teaching issues, so that they will be able to either use or address it in their own language class rooms. References: Auer, P. A postscript: code-switching and social identity.
Journal of Pragmatics, 37, — Bernardo, A. Bilingual code-switching as a resource for learning and teaching: Alternative reflections on the language and education issue in the Philippines. Quakenbush Eds. Lourdes S. Bautista pp. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. Bhatt, R. In other words: Language mixing, identity representations, and third space1.
Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12 2— Bista, K. Factors of Code Switching among Bilingual English Students in the University Classroom: A Survey.
English for Specific Purposes World, 29 91- Cacoullos, R. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15 3 Chan, B. A diachronic-functional approachto explaining grammatical patternsin code-switching: Postmodificationin Cantonese—English noun phrases, meta analysis research paper example. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19 117— Carless, D.
Student use of the mother tongue in the task-based classroom. ELT Journal, Dahl, T. Is it language relearning or languagereacquisition?
International Journal of Bilingualism, 14 4— Flamenbaum, R. The pragmatics of codeswitchingon Ghanaian talk radio. International Journal of Meta analysis research paper example 4— Gulzar, M.
Code-switching: Awareness about Its Utilityin Bilingual Classrooms. Bulletin of Education and Research, 32 2Hlavac, J. Bilingual discourse markers: Evidence from Croatian—English code- switching.
Journal of Pragmatics, 38, — Hobbsa, V. Code-switching in Japanese language classrooms: An exploratory investigation of native vs. non-native speaker teacher practice. Linguistics and Education, 21, 44— Hua, Z. Duelling Languages, Duelling Values: Codeswitching in bilingual intergenerational conflict talk in diasporic families. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, — Kinga, J. Codeswitching: Linguistic and literacy understanding of teaching dilemmas in multilingual classrooms.
Linguistics and Education, 25, 40— Lehti-Eklund, H. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17 2— Baek, K, meta analysis research paper example.
South Korean High School English Teachers' Code Switching: Questions and Challenges in the Drive for Maximal Use of English in Teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 38 4meta analysis research paper example Metila, R.
Decoding the Switch: The Functions of Codeswitching in the Classroom. UP EDUCATION QUARTERLY, 67 1
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thesis (Normand,). Meta analysis is essentially systematic review; however, in addition to narrative summary that is conducted in systematic review, in meta analysis, the analysts also numerically pool the results of the studies and arrive at a summary estimate. In this paper, we discuss the key steps of conducting a meta analysis Apparently in this meta-analysis, the most frequent among research methodologies conducted in the 3 articles related to code-switching are Descriptive and Experimental Methods; wherein, class room observations, unstructured interviews, conversation analysis, case studies and cultural immersions have been utilized for data-gathering [Follow the form of the one-experiment sample paper to type the author note, footnotes, tables, and figure captions.] References References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis. Albarracín, D. (). Cognition in persuasion: An analysis of information processing in response to persuasive communications
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